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The Air Crew Europe Star is a military campaign medal, instituted by the United Kingdom in May 1945 for award to subjects of the British Commonwealth for service in the Second World War, specifically Commonwealth air crew who participated in operational flights over Europe from bases in the United Kingdom.〔〔〔(New Zealand Defence Force - British Commonwealth War And Campaign Medals Awarded To New Zealanders - The Air Crew Europe Star ) (Access date 5 April 2015)〕 Two clasps were instituted to be worn on the medal ribbon, the Atlantic Clasp and the France and Germany Clasp.〔〔 ==The Second World War Stars== Altogether eight campaign stars and nine clasps were initially instituted for campaign service during the Second World War. On 8 July 1943 the 1939–1945 Star and the Africa Star were the first two of these Stars to be instituted. One more campaign star, the Arctic Star, and one more clasp, the Bomber Command Clasp, were belatedly added on 26 February 2013, more than sixty-seven years after the end of the war.〔(Stephen Stratford Medals site - British Military & Criminal History - 1900 to 1999 - Atlantic Star ) (Access date 1 April 2015)〕〔(War Service (Decorations) - Statement in the House of Commons by Winston Churchill on 3 August 1943 (HC Deb 03 August 1943 vol 391 cc2091-3) ) (Access date 9 April 2015)〕〔(The National Archives - Ministry of Defence - Arctic Star and Bomber Command Clasp ) (Access date 1 April 2015)〕 Only one of these campaign stars, the 1939–1945 Star, covered the full duration of the Second World War from its outbreak on 3 September 1939 to the victory over Japan on 2 September 1945.〔 No-one could be awarded more than five (now six) campaign stars and no-one could be awarded more than one clasp to any one campaign star. Five of the nine (now ten) clasps were the equivalents of their namesake campaign stars and were awarded for the same respective campaigns as those stars, to be worn on the ribbon of that campaign star of the applicable group that had been earned first. The maximum of six possible campaign stars are the following:〔〔 * The 1939–1945 Star with, if awarded, either the Battle of Britain Clasp or the Bomber Command Clasp.〔(New Zealand Defence Force - The 1939-45 Star Eligibility Rules ) (Access date 12 April 2015)〕 * Only one of the Atlantic Star, Air Crew Europe Star or France and Germany Star and, if awarded, the first to be earned respectively of the Air Crew Europe Clasp, France and Germany Clasp or Atlantic Clasp, to be worn on the ribbon of that one of these three campaign stars to have been first earned and awarded.〔(New Zealand Defence Force - The Atlantic Star Eligibility Rules ) (Access date 4 April 2015)〕〔(New Zealand Defence Force - The Air Crew Europe Star Eligibility Rules ) (Access date 12 April 2015)〕〔(New Zealand Defence Force - The France and Germany Star Eligibility Rules ) (Access date 12 April 2015)〕 * The Arctic Star.〔〔(New Zealand Defence Force - The Arctic Star ) (Access date 12 April 2015)〕 * The Africa Star with, if awarded, the first to be earned of the North Africa 1942–43 Clasp, 8th Army Clasp or 1st Army Clasp.〔(New Zealand Defence Force - The Africa Star Eligibility Rules ) (Access date 12 April 2015)〕 * Either the Pacific Star or Burma Star or, if awarded, either the Burma Clasp or Pacific Clasp respectively, to be worn on the ribbon of that one of these two campaign stars to have been first earned and awarded.〔(New Zealand Defence Force - The Pacific Star Eligibility Rules ) (Access date 9 April 2015)〕〔(New Zealand Defence Force - The Burma Star Eligibility Rules ) (Access date 12 April 2015)〕 * The Italy Star.〔(New Zealand Defence Force - The Italy Star Eligibility Rules ) (Access date 12 April 2015)〕 Since only the first of the Atlantic Star, Air Crew Europe Star or France and Germany Star to be earned could be awarded to any one individual, the possible Star and Clasp combinations for these three campaign stars are:〔〔(Forces War Records - Medals - Air Crew Europe Star Medal ) (Access date 5 April 2015)〕 * The Atlantic Star with either the Air Crew Europe Clasp or the France and Germany Clasp. * The Air Crew Europe Star with either the France and Germany Clasp or the Atlantic Clasp. * The France and Germany Star with the Atlantic Clasp. As a result of the different date ranges involved, the earlier period Air Crew Europe Clasp could not be added to the later period France and Germany Star.〔〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Air Crew Europe Star」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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